Item branching refers to:

a. Administering certain test items on a test depending on the test takers' responses to previous test items.
b. The creation of alternate and parallel forms of tests based on a group of test takers' responses to the original test.
c. Statistical efforts to ensure that items translated into foreign languages are of the same difficulty.
d. Reusing items in an original test that were originally developed for use in a parallel test.