In this excerpt, the verb penetrate conveys the idea the Great Awakening significantly influenced many aspects of American life (option D)
The Great Awakening was a historical period in the colonies that started in 1730. This period was characterized by:
In the text, the author refers to this historical period as "penetrating", this word means "strong" or "powerful".
In this context, the author most like uses the word "penetrate" because this was a powerful movement or because it had a powerful influence on the American life (option D). On the other hand, other options are not correct because they do not define correctly the word penetrating.
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