Based on the context clues, the meaning of the word maritime in the passage is:
Context clues are leading words or phrases that help us to deduce the meaning of words in a sentence.
In the passage above, words such as; sail, ship, and remaining perfectly still reminds the readers of conditions while sailing. These also point to the word maritime.
Here is the Complete Passage referred to in the question:
As a maritime nation, the British were concerned with one problem in particular: they could make clocks that kept very good time as long as they stayed perfectly still but not when they were shaken about, and particularly not on board a rolling ship. If you wanted to sail, it was impossible to keep a precise record of time.
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